Understanding K-12 education financing is important for taxpayers to know where their money is going and how it is being used to provide a quality education for Alaska’s children. The “Citizen’s Guide to K-12 Funding in Alaska,” from the Legislative Finance Division breaks down how Alaska’s school districts are organized and funded from state, local, and federal sources. The guide is embedded below the post.
What is the BSA?
The amount a school receives in state funding is based on its average daily membership (ADM), which is adjusted for factors related to the differing costs of individual students, then multiplied by the base student allocation (BSA) to come to a district’s “basic need.” The BSA in FY 23 is set in statute at $5,930, which is set to increase to $5,960 in FY 24.
The state’s foundation formula, which uses the BSA and adjusted ADM to calculate basic need, is the largest source of funding for Alaska’s school districts. The ADM is a count of enrolled K-12 students taken for 20 days ending the last Friday in October of each year. Enrollment counted in October of each year is not necessarily representative of average attendance in a school throughout the school year.
Adjustments are made to the ADM to try to account for the differing costs of individual students. Once these adjustments have been made, the Adjusted Average Daily Membership (AADM) is then multiplied by the BSA. The ADM is adjusted by six factors: school size, district cost, special needs, career and technical education, intensive services, and correspondence students. The number of correspondence students is subtracted from the ADM and multiplied by 0.9 due to the lower costs to the district of educating correspondence students, which is added to the adjusted ADM afterward.
The ADM is also multiplied by the district cost factor, a multiplier that adjusts for the differing costs of delivering education across the state, as well as the special needs factor, which is the same for all districts regardless of the actual number of special needs students in each district. There is also an intensive special education factor for students identified with intensive special needs as well as a small factor for career and technical education.
The school size factor reduces the per-student multiplier for larger schools, which can provide services at a lower per-student cost due to economies of scale. This is intended to benefit small schools in rural Alaska but instead, large school districts, including the Anchorage School District, are incentivized to operate many school buildings at a lower capacity rather than fewer schools at a higher capacity. After all factors are included in ADM, the adjusted ADM is multiplied by the BSA to yield basic need in the state’s foundation formula.
Because adjustment factors are occasionally increased by the legislature, the report notes that since 2008, “Even with no change in the BSA, changes in the adjustment factors would have increased K-12 funding by 34%.”
Where Funding Comes From
Alaska’s 503 public schools are governed by 53 school districts, each led by a locally elected school board. Alaska’s 19 boroughs, as well as home-rule and first-class cities in unorganized boroughs, have corresponding school districts. These districts receive a portion of their funding from municipal governments. The remaining areas of the state are divided into 19 regional educational attendance areas (REAAs) which are not associated with municipal governments, have no source of local tax revenue, and rely entirely on state and federal funding.
In fiscal year 2023, school districts budgeted for $2.1 billion in total revenue, of which 63% is sourced from the state of Alaska. This is abnormally high compared to other states; on average, states provided only 47% of total revenue for education. Municipal governments are projected to fund about 25% of school districts’ budgets in FY 23, with 6% remaining from the federal government and another 6% from other sources. The state also contributes indirect funding in the form of retirement system contributions, school debt reimbursement, and funding for REAAs. Retirement system contributions from the state totaled almost $97 million in FY 23.
The total amount of funding that a district is supposed to receive, or basic need, is partially covered by local contributions (for districts in an organized borough or municipality) and federal government contributions, while the state pays the rest. Districts in unorganized areas do not have a required local contribution. In FY 23, 34 of Alaska’s 53 school districts are required to make local contributions totaling around $278.5 million. The federal government reimburses districts for the loss of property tax revenue due to the presence of federal lands, which is part of basic need. The federal government often contributes grants on top of its impact aid requirements, such as Title I and school nutrition funding. The federal government more recently allocated a windfall of $538 million in Covid-19 relief funding which districts have not fully spent.
The state pays what local and federal funding does not cover, which is predicted to be $1.2 billion in FY 23. The state also provides funding for pupil transportation on top of the calculated aid from the foundation formula, which totals $71.8 million in FY 23. Pupil transportation funding is fungible, which means that districts may supplement their transportation budgets with other funds or use excess pupil transportation funds for other purposes. The state also often provides one-time funding of set amounts that are divided among districts according to their AADM; in FY 23, an extra $57 million was appropriated, which is an extra $222 per student added to the BSA.
Conclusion
It’s important to remember that the funding a school receives is not a straightforward amount of money per student. The average daily membership (ADM), or average enrollment counted during 20 days in October, is adjusted to try to account for the differing costs of education for individual students. These adjustments penalize larger schools but provide extra funding for small schools, special needs students, and schools in higher cost-of-living areas. The number of correspondence students is treated as only 90% of the true number in a district and added to the adjusted ADM after all other calculations have been made.
Multiplying the adjusted average daily membership by the base student allocation (BSA) yields a district’s “basic need,” to which local and federal governments contribute a certain amount. The state covers the rest. But basic need isn’t where funding stops. The state pays indirect costs for teacher retirement accounts and adds funding for pupil transportation. The legislature can also appropriate additional one-time funds, as it did in FY 23 with an extra $57 million divvied among districts according to the AADM. And the federal government provides grants for Title I and school nutrition, and most recently, Covid relief funds.
Read “The Citizen’s Guide to K-12 Education Funding,” below for more details about Alaska’s school funding formula.
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